Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
1. Gabatarwa
Sadarwar Kamara ta Haske (OCC) fasaha ce mai ban sha'awa don sadarwar mara waya ta haske na zamani mai zuwa, tana amfani da firikwensin hoto CMOS da ke cikin kamarori a matsayin masu karɓa. Tana ba da tashoshi masu araha, marasa lasisi. Kalubale mafi mahimmanci shine haɓaka ƙarfin bayanai, wanda aka iyakance ta hanyar ƙimar firam ɗin kamara da lokutan fallasa, yayin da ake ci gaba da aiki ba tare da ƙyalli ba. Maɓalli Canjin Launi (CSK), tsarin daidaitawa daga IEEE 802.15.7, yana sanya bayanai zuwa launuka a cikin sararin launi na CIE 1931 don ƙara ƙimar bayanai. Duk da haka, crosstalk da ke haifar da hankalin bakan kamara yana buƙatar ramuwa. Nunin da suka gabata sun cimma har zuwa 32-CSK a kan tazara gajere. Wannan takarda ta gabatar da gwajin gwaji na farko na watsa siginar 512-CSK tare da ma'anar siginar ba tare da kuskure ba sama da mita 4, ta amfani da na'urar daidaitawa ta tushen jijiya don sarrafa crosstalk mara layi.
2. Tsarin Mai Karɓa
Tsarin mai karɓa ya dogara ne akan tsarin firikwensin hoto na Sony IMX530 CMOS tare da ruwan tabarau na 50mm, mai iya fitar da bayanan RGB danye na bit 12 ba tare da sarrafa bayanai (demosaicing, cire hayaniya, daidaita farin launi) ba.
2.1 Tsarin Kamara da Bayanan Danye
Tsarin kamara na Sony yana fitar da bayanan hoto danye masu tsafta, yana adana karatun firikwensin asali mai mahimmanci don sarrafa siginar daidai kafin kowane gyaran launi ya haifar da karkacewa.
2.2 Canza Sararin Launi
Ana canza ƙimar RGB danye zuwa madaidaitan launi na CIE 1931 (x, y) ta amfani da matrix na canzawa na yau da kullun: $$\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0.4124 & 0.3576 & 0.1805 \\ 0.2126 & 0.7152 & 0.0722 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} R \\ G \\ B \end{pmatrix}$$
2.3 Na'urar Daidaita Jijiya
Cibiyar sadarwar jijiya mai yawan lakabi tana aiki azaman mai daidaitawa don ramawa ga crosstalk mara layi. Tana da raka'a shigarwa 2 (x, y), $N_h$ ɓoye yadudduka tare da raka'a $N_u$, da raka'a fitarwa $M=log_2(512)=9$ (bits kowace alama). Cibiyar sadarwar tana fitar da rarraba yuwuwar bayan $p(1|x,y)$, daga cikinsa ake ƙididdige Ma'auni na Log-Likelihood (LLR) don shigar da su cikin na'urar warware LDPC. Maki tauraro don 512-CSK an tsara su a cikin siffar triangle farawa daga kusurwar shuɗi (x=0.1805, y=0.0722).
3. Sakamakon Gwaji
3.1 Tsarin Gwaji
Watsawa ta yi amfani da tsararrun LED 8x8 (girman panel: 6.5 cm). Adadin LED masu aiki an bambanta daga 1x1 zuwa 8x8 don kimanta Ƙimar Kuskuren Bit (BER) bisa yankin hoton da aka mamaye (ƙarfin haske). An tsayar da nisan watsawa a mita 4.
3.2 Aikin BER
Tsarin ya cimma ma'anar siginar ba tare da kuskure ba don 512-CSK. An kimanta halayen BER akan yankin LED mai tasiri a cikin hoton da aka ɗauka. Na'urar daidaita jijiya ta yi nasarar rage crosstalk, yana ba da damar ma'anar siginar amintacce a wannan babban tsari na daidaitawa inda hanyoyin layi na gargajiya za su kasa.
Ma'auni Mai Muhimmanci na Aiki
Tsarin Daidaitawa: 512-CSK (9 bits/symbol)
Nisan Watsawa: mita 4
Sakamako: An cimma ma'anar siginar ba tare da kuskure ba
4. Fahimta ta Tsaki & Bincike
5. Cikakkun Bayanan Fasaha
Kalubalen fasaha na tsaki shine rashin daidaituwa tsakanin sararin launi na CIE 1931 na manufa da ainihin hankalin bakan kamara, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 1(b) na PDF. Wannan yana haifar da ƙimar (R, G, B) da aka karɓa su zama gaurayawan layi na ƙarfin watsawa. Canzawa zuwa (x, y) yana taimakawa amma baya kawar da rashin layi. Cibiyar sadarwar jijiya, tare da ɓoye yadudduka $N_h$, tana koyon aikin $f: (x, y) \rightarrow \mathbf{p}$, inda $\mathbf{p}$ shine vector mai girma 9 na yuwuwar bit. An ƙididdige LLR don bit na $k$ kamar haka: $$LLR(k) = \log \frac{p(b_k=1 | x, y)}{p(b_k=0 | x, y)}$$ Waɗannan LLRs suna ba da shigarwa masu laushi don ƙaƙƙarfan na'urar warware LDPC, yana ba da damar gyaran kuskure na gaba don cimma sakamakon ƙarshe ba tare da kuskure ba.
6. Misalin Tsarin Bincike
Harka: Kimanta Sabuwar Kamara don OCC. Wannan bincike yana ba da tsari don auna dacewar kowane kamara don babban tsari na CSK.
- Samun Bayanai: Watsa alamomin 512-CSK da aka sani ta amfani da tsararrun LED da aka daidaita. Ɗauki bayanan firikwensin danye tare da kamarar da ake gwadawa.
- Sarrafa Kafin: Canza facin RGB danye zuwa madaidaitan launi na CIE 1931 (x, y) ta amfani da matrix na yau da kullun.
- Horar da Samfuri: Horar da cibiyar sadarwar jijiya mai yawan lakabi (misali, MLP mai yadudduka 3 mai sauƙi) don sanya ƙungiyoyin (x, y) da aka karɓa komawa zuwa lakabin alamomin watsawa 512. Saitin horo shine sassan alamar da aka sani.
- Ma'auni na Aiki: Daidaitaccen tabbaci na ƙarshe ko BER bayan warware LDPC yana nuna iyawar kamara kai tsaye. Babban daidaito yana nuna ƙaramin karkacewa na asali ko babban layi, yana mai da shi mai karɓar OCC mai kyau.
- Kwatanta: Maimaita don kamarori daban-daban. Rikitarwar cibiyar sadarwar jijiya da ake buƙata (zurfin $N_h$, faɗin $N_u$) ya zama wakili na tsananin crosstalk na kamara.
7. Ayyuka na Gaba & Hanyoyi
Ayyuka:
- Madaidaicin Matsayi na Cikin Gida: Babban ƙimar bayanai na OCC na iya watsa alamun wuri masu rikitarwa ko taswira tare da lambobin ID.
- Haɗin gwiwar Ƙarfafa Gaskiya (AR): Fitilun waya za su iya watsa metadata game da abubuwa ko zane-zane kai tsaye zuwa kamarorin wayoyin hannu, yana ba da damar AR mara tsangwama ba tare da binciken girgije ba.
- IoT na Masana'antu a yankuna masu hankali ga RF: Sadarwa tsakanin robots, firikwensin, da masu sarrafa a cikin asibitoci ko jiragen sama ta amfani da hasken kayan aiki na yanzu.
- Sadarwa Ƙarƙashin Ruwa: LED shuɗi-kore ta amfani da CSK na iya samar da ƙarin ƙimar bayanai don motocin nutsewa da firikwensin.
- Koyo Daga Ƙarshe zuwa Ƙarshe: Matsawa bayan tubalan daban (ma'anar siginar, daidaitawa, warwarewa) zuwa cibiyar sadarwa mai zurfi guda ɗaya da aka horar da ita kai tsaye don rage BER.
- Ramuwar Tashoshi Mai Ƙarfi: Haɓaka NNs waɗanda zasu iya daidaitawa cikin ainihin lokaci zuwa canje-canjen yanayi kamar fallasa kai tsaye na kamara, blur motsi, ko canje-canjen hasken muhalli.
- Daidaituwar Gine-ginen NN: Gabatar da samfuran NN masu sauƙi, daidaitattu don daidaitawa waɗanda za a iya aiwatar da su a cikin kayan aikin kamara ko firmware.
- Haɗin kai tare da Hangen 6G: Sanya OCC a matsayin fasaha mai haɗawa a cikin tsarin cibiyar sadarwa iri-iri na 6G, kamar yadda aka bincika a cikin farar takarda daga Ƙungiyar Gaba ta G.
8. Nassoshi
- H.-W. Chen et al., "Watsa bayanan 8-CSK sama da cm 4," Taron Da Ya Dace, 2019.
- C. Zhu et al., "16-CSK sama da cm 80 ta amfani da LED quadrichromatic," Mujallar Da Ta Dace, 2016.
- N. Murata et al., "16-digital CSK sama da cm 100 bisa IEEE 802.15.7," Taron Da Ya Dace, 2016.
- P. Hu et al., "Tushen Tri-LEDs 32-CSK sama da cm 3," Mujallar Da Ta Dace, 2019.
- R. Singh et al., "Tushen Tri-LEDs 32-CSK," Taron Da Ya Dace, 2014.
- J.-Y. Zhu et al., "Fassarar Hotuna-zuwa-Hotuna mara Biyu ta Amfani da Cibiyoyin Sadarwar Adawa na Zagaye-Ma'ana," Taron Ƙasa da Ƙasa na IEEE akan Kwamfuta na Gani (ICCV), 2017. (Tushen waje don ra'ayin fassarar yanki na tushen koyo)
- Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta IEEE, "Sadarwar Haske Mai Bayyana: Hanyar Daidaitawa," Rahoton Fasaha, 2022. (Tushen waje don kalubalen masana'antu)
- Ƙungiyar Gaba ta G, "Hangen 6G da Tsarin," Farar Takarda, 2023. (Tushen waje don haɗin cibiyar sadarwa na gaba)
- "Hukumar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Eclairage (CIE) sararin launi na 1931," Ma'auni.
- Kamfanin Sony Semiconductor Solutions, "Bayanan Firikwensin IMX530," Ƙayyadaddun Fasaha.
Fahimta ta Tsaki
Wannan aikin ba kawai game da tura CSK zuwa launuka 512 ba ne; yana da ma'ana mai mahimmanci daga tsaftace siginar tushen kimiyyar lissafi zuwa sake gina tushen bayanai. Cikakken nasara shine kula da mummunan crosstalk tsakanin tashoshi ba a matsayin matsalar hayaniya da za a tace ba, amma a matsayin taswirar karkacewa mara layi, wanda za a koya kuma a juyar da shi ta hanyar cibiyar sadarwar jijiya. Wannan yayi daidai da canjin tsari da aka gani a cikin hoto na lissafi, inda samfuran koyo mai zurfi kamar waɗanda aka tattauna a cikin takardar CycleGAN (Zhu et al., 2017) suke koyon fassara tsakanin yankuna (misali, mai hayaniya zuwa tsafta) ba tare da misalan biyu ba. A nan, NN tana koyon juzu'in 'alamar yatsa' ta bakan kamara.
Kwararar Ma'ana
Ma'ana tana da ƙarfi: 1) Babban tsari na CSK yana da ƙarancin crosstalk. 2) Crosstalk na kamara yana da rikitarwa kuma ba shi da layi. 3) Saboda haka, yi amfani da mai kiyasin aiki na duniya (cibiyar sadarwar jijiya) da aka horar da shi akan bayanan da aka karɓa don ƙirƙira da soke shi. Kwararar daga bayanan firikwensin danye -> canzawa zuwa CIE 1931 -> na'urar daidaita NN -> na'urar warware LDPC sarkar sarrafa siginar zamani ce, gauraye. Yana amfani da sararin CIE daidaitattu a matsayin wakilci na tsaka-tsaki mai ƙarfi, yana raba kimiyyar launi daga ka'idar sadarwa.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai
Ƙarfi: Nunin yana da ƙarfi a zahiri, yana cimma rikodin 512-CSK a kan nisa mai amfani na 4m. Yin amfani da bayanan firikwensin danye yana ƙetare hanyoyin ISP na kamara masu lalacewa—dabarar mahimmanci, wacce ake yawan yin watsi da ita. Hanyar ba ta da alaƙa da mai karɓa; Ana iya sake horar da NN don kowane kamara. Kurakurai: Hanyar a zahiri tana buƙatar bayanai kuma tana buƙatar daidaitawa kowace kamara. Takardar ba ta yi magana game da rikitarwar NN, jinkiri, da amfani da wutar lantarki ba—cikakkun bayanai masu mutuwa don OCC na ainihi, mai motsi. Tsararrun LED 8x8 babban mai watsawa ne, wanda ya saba wa manufar OCC na amfani da tushen haske da ke ko'ina. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin binciken IEEE ComSoc akan VLC, haɓakawa da haɗin kai sun kasance cikas masu mahimmanci.
Fahimta Mai Aiki
Ga masu bincike: Gaba yana cikin samfuran koyo masu sauƙi, watakila ƙungiyoyin koyo don daidaitawa akan na'ura. Bincika gine-ginen transformer waɗanda zasu iya sarrafa karkacewar alama ta jeri fiye da NN na gaba. Ga masana'antu: Wannan fasaha ta shirya don yanayi na musamman, kafaffen shigarwa (jagororin gidan kayan gargajiya, sadarwar robot masana'antu) inda masu watsawa da masu karɓa suke da ƙarfi. Haɗin gwiwa tare da masu kera firikwensin kamara (kamar Sony, kamar yadda yake cikin wannan takarda) don saka tubalan masu daidaitawa da aka riga aka horar ko sauƙin horarwa kai tsaye cikin bayanan dijital na firikwensin, yana mai da kamarori "shirye don OCC" fasalin da za a iya siyarwa.