Hanyoyin Rage Hayaniyar Saƙon Haske na Digital (DVLC)

Tsarin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa

Sadarwar Haske (VLC) ta zama fasaha mai ban sha'awa mai haɗawa da tsarin RF, tana amfani da kayan aikin haske na ko'ina don watsa bayanai. Digital VLC (DVLC) tana amfani da tsare-tsaren daidaitawa kamar OOK da PPM. Duk da haka, aikinta yana fama da matsananciyar hayaniyar haske daga tushen hasken muhalli (misali, fitilun fluorescent), wanda ke haifar da karkatar da siffar igiyar sauti da kuma ƙara yawan Kuskuren Bit (BER). Wannan takarda daga IJCNC Vol.18, No.1 (2026) na Uemura da Hamano ta magance wannan kalubale mai mahimmanci ta hanyar gabatarwa da kimanta hanyoyi biyu na daban-daban na rage hayaniya.

2. Sadarwar Haske (VLC)

VLC tana aiki a cikin bakan haske mai iyaka 380-780 nm. LEDs farare su ne masu watsawa na gama-gari. A cikin daidaitawar bugun jini na dijital (misali, OOK), yanayin haske na KUNNA yana wakiltar binary HIGH, kuma KASHE yana wakiltar LOW. Ana watsa bayanai azaman jerin waɗannan lokutan. Mai karɓa yawanci yana amfani da bakin ƙarfi don bambanta tsakanin jihohi.

3. Matsalolin Hayaniya a Tsarin VLC

Hayaniyar haske da aka saka akan siginar VLC na iya haifar da ganewar alamar da ba daidai ba yayin aikin ƙididdiga a mai karɓa, yana lalata amincin sadarwa.

3.1 Hayaniyar Lokaci-Lokaci (Tsangwamar Wutar AC)

Wannan hayaniya ta samo asali ne daga tushen hasken muhalli masu amfani da wutar AC (misali, fitilun fluorescent). Mitarsa yana da alaƙa da hanyar wutar lantarki na gida (50/60 Hz). A cikin wannan binciken, an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a ƙarƙashin yanayi na 60 Hz (Yammacin Japan). Siffar hayaniyar tana nuna yanayin da ake iya tsinkaya, na lokaci-lokaci.

3.2 Hayaniyar da ba ta da Lokaci

Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da hayaniyar da ba za a iya tsinkaya ba daga tushe daban-daban, ba ta da tsarin lokaci mai ƙayyadaddun lokaci, wanda ya sa ya fi wahala a rage ta tare da hanyoyin aiki tare.

4. Hanyar da aka Tsara 1: Cire Hayaniyar Lokaci-Lokaci

Wannan hanyar tana nufin tsangwama na lokaci-lokaci daga fitilun da ke amfani da wutar AC.

4.1 Ka'ida da Aiwatarwa

Babban ra'ayi shine a ɗauki cikakken zagaye ɗaya na siffar hayaniyar (a lokacin sanannen lokacin shiru ko ta hanyar kimanta). Wannan bayanin hayaniyar da aka ɗauka, $n_{sample}(t)$, sai a cire shi daga siginar da aka karɓa $r(t)$, wanda ya ƙunshi duka siginar da ake so $s(t)$ da hayaniya $n(t)$: $r(t) = s(t) + n(t)$. Siginar da aka tsabtace ana kusantarta kamar haka: $s_{cleaned}(t) \approx r(t) - n_{sample}(t)$.

4.2 Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Tasirin ya dogara da daidaitaccen aiki tare da lokacin hayaniyar $T_{noise}$ (misali, 1/60 s). Ana yin cirewa a cikin yankin dijital bayan Canza Analog zuwa Dijital (ADC). Kalubale mai mahimmanci shine daidaita lokaci; ƙaramin kuskuren lokaci $\phi$ na iya haifar da ragowar hayaniya: $n_{residual}(t) = n(t) - n_{sample}(t - \phi)$.

5. Hanyar da aka Tsara 2: Kawar da Hayaniyar Cikin Gaggawa na ANC

An yi wahayi daga Sarrafa Hayaniya mai Aiki (ANC) na sauti, wannan hanyar tana kula da duka hayaniyar lokaci-lokaci da wacce ba ta da lokaci.

5.1 Tsarin Tsarin

Tsarin ya gabatar da na'urar gano hoto ta taimako da aka sanya ta cikin dabara don ɗaukar mafi yawan ɓangaren hayaniyar muhalli $n(t)$ yayin rage karɓar siginar VLC da ake nufi $s(t)$. Wannan yana ba da siginar hayaniyar tunani.

5.2 Ƙirar Da'irar Cirewa

Da'irar cirewa ta analog (misali, bisa mai haɓaka bambanci) tana karɓar shigarwa biyu: babban siginar $r(t) = s(t) + n(t)$ da hayaniyar tunani $n_{ref}(t) \approx n(t)$. Da'irar tana fitarwa: $s_{cleaned}(t) \approx r(t) - G \cdot n_{ref}(t)$, inda $G$ shine ma'aunin riba da aka daidaita don dacewa da girman hayaniyar a cikin tashar farko. Wannan yana ba da damar soke hayaniyar cikin gaggawa, mai daidaitawa.

6. Sakamakon Gwaji & Kimanta Aiki

An ƙididdige aikin ta amfani da ma'aunin ma'auni na Kuskuren Bit (BER) daidai da Ƙarfin Kowane-bit zuwa Rarraba Ƙarfin Hayaniya ($E_b/N_0$).

Mahimman Binciken da aka Gano

Tushe (Babu Ragewa): Babban BER a ƙananan $E_b/N_0$, aikin yana lalacewa da sauri tare da hayaniya.
Hanya 1 (Cirewa na Lokaci-Lokaci): Yana nuna gagarumin ci gaban BER, musamman a ƙarƙashin tsangwama mai ƙarfi na lokaci-lokaci (misali, daga fitilun fluorescent). Mai tasiri amma aikin ya dogara da kwanciyar hankali na lokacin hayaniya.
Hanya 2 (Na ANC): An sami mafi girman aiki a duk yanayin da aka gwada. Ya ba da ƙarfi na rage hayaniya ga duka tushen hayaniyar lokaci-lokaci da wacce ba ta da lokaci, wanda ya haifar da mafi ƙanƙanta lanƙwasa na BER.

6.1 Binciken BER vs. Eb/N0

Sakamakon ya nuna a fili cewa duka hanyoyin da aka tsara suna canza lanƙwasa BER vs. $E_b/N_0$ zuwa ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da mai karɓa na al'ada. Don manufar BER (misali, $10^{-3}$), hanyar da aka yi wahayi daga ANC tana cimma wannan a ƙananan $E_b/N_0$, yana nuna mafi girman ƙarfin wutar lantarki da ƙarfi.

6.2 Kwatanta Aiki

Hanya 1 tana da sauƙi kuma tana da tasiri ga hayaniyar lokaci-lokaci mai rinjaya amma ta kasa a kan ɓangarorin da ba na lokaci ba. Hanya 2 tana da rikitarwa (tana buƙatar ƙarin photodiode da da'ira) amma tana ba da cikakkiyar kariya cikin gaggawa, yana mai da ta dace da yanayin hayaniya mai gauraya, mai motsi.

7. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Lamari

Yanayi: Tsarin DVLC don sanya matsayi na cikin gida a cikin babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki. Fitilun fluorescent (60 Hz) suna haifar da hayaniyar lokaci-lokaci, kuma hasken rana daga tagogi yana haifar da hayaniyar da ba ta da lokaci, mai canzawa lokaci.

Aiwatar da Tsarin:

Bayanan Hayaniya: Yi amfani da photodiode na taimako (Hanya 2) don yin rajistar sa hannun hayaniyar da aka haɗa akan lokaci.
Zaɓin Hanya: Ai watsa hanyar da aka yi wahayi daga ANC a matsayin mai soke na farko saboda dacewarta.
Daidaituwar Sigogi: Daidaita ribar cirewa $G$ bisa alaƙar da ke tsakanin tashoshi na farko da na tunani. Za a iya aiwatar da tacewa mai daidaitawa mai sauƙi kamar algorithm na Mafi ƙanƙanta Matsakaicin Squares (LMS) a cikin microcontroller: $G_{k+1} = G_k + \mu \cdot e_k \cdot n_{ref,k}$, inda $e_k$ shine siginar kuskure (fitowar da aka tsabtace) kuma $\mu$ shine girman mataki.
Tabbatarwa: Auna daidaiton sanya matsayi (misali, kuskure a cikin cm) tare da ko ba tare da tsarin rage hayaniya ba.

Wannan tsarin yana nuna tsarin tsari don tura binciken a cikin mahallin duniya na gaske.

8. Hangar Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba

Aikace-aikace na Gaggawa: VLC mai ƙarfi don Li-Fi a ofisoshi/masu masana'antu tare da haske mai tsauri, sanya matsayi/kewayawa na cikin gida na tushen VLC, da sadarwa mai tsaro a cikin yanayin da ke da hayaniya.

Hanyoyin Bincike na Gaba:

Soke da AI: Haɗa koyon inji (misali, cibiyoyin jijiyoyi masu maimaitawa) don tsinkaya da soke rikitattun tsarin hayaniya marasa tsayawa fiye da ANC na gargajiya.
Haɗaɗɗun Da'irori na Hotuna: Ƙananan tsarin ANC (photodiode + da'irar cirewa) zuwa guntu ɗaya na haɗaɗɗun hotuna (PIC) don tura jama'a mai tsada.
Tsarin RF/VLC na Hybrid: Amfani da siginar hayaniyar tunani daga mai karɓar VLC don kuma rage tsangwama a cikin tsarin RF da ke tare (misali, WiFi), kamar yadda aka bincika a cikin binciken tsangwama na fasaha.
Daidaituwa: Gabatar da waɗannan fasahohin ragewa a matsayin wani ɓangare na IEEE 802.15.7r1 (VLC) na gaba ko wasu gyare-gyaren ma'auni na Li-Fi don ingantacciyar haɗin kai.

9. Nassoshi

Uemura, W., & Hamano, T. (2026). Hanyoyin Rage Hayaniyar Saƙon Haske na Digital. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC), Vol.18, No.1, shafi na 51-52.
Kahn, J. M., & Barry, J. R. (1997). Sadarwar Infrared mara waya. Proceedings of the IEEE, 85(2), 265-298.
Haas, H., Yin, L., Wang, Y., & Chen, C. (2016). Menene LiFi? Journal of Lightwave Technology, 34(6), 1533-1544.
Kuo, S. M., & Morgan, D. R. (1996). Tsarin Sarrafa Hayaniya mai Aiki: Algorithms da Aiwatarwar DSP. John Wiley & Sons. (Rubutu na tushe akan ka'idodin ANC).
Ma'auni na IEEE don Gida da Cibiyoyin Birane–Sashi na 15.7: Sadarwar Optical mara waya ta Gajeren Zango ta amfani da Haske. (2018). IEEE Std 802.15.7-2018.

10. Bincike na Asali & Sharhin Kwararru

Babban Fahimta

Aikin Uemura da Hamano ba kawai game da tsabtace siginar ba ne; yana da fahimtar cewa babban ƙarfin VLC—amfani da mahalli da aka gina a matsayin matsakaici—shi ma ya zama rauninsa. Takardar ta gano daidai cewa don DVLC ta canza daga sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa gaskiyar kasuwanci (misali, a cikin kasuwar Li-Fi da kamfanoni kamar Signify da pureLiFi ke hasashe), dole ne ta tsira a cikin duniya na gaske na "datti" na lantarki. Hanyarsu ta fuska biyu—cirewa mai ƙayyadaddun lokaci don hayaniyar da ake iya tsinkaya da daidaitawar ANC don wanda ba za a iya tsinkaya ba—yana nuna cikakkiyar fahimtar sararin matsala da yawancin takardun VLC na baya suka wuce.

Kwararar Hankali

Hankalin binciken yana da inganci kuma yana ƙaruwa. Sun fara da matsala mai sauƙi, mai ma'ana (hayaniyar lokaci-lokaci) kuma sun warware ta tare da dabarar sarrafa siginar dijital (DSP) madaidaiciya. Wannan yana gina tushe. Sa'an nan, suna haɓaka zuwa matsala mai wahala, mafi girma ta gaba ɗaya (hayaniyar da ba ta da lokaci) ta hanyar aro tsarin da aka tabbatar daga sauti—ANC. Wannan fasaha ce mai wayo. Magana ga rubutun tushen ANC na masu bincike kamar Kuo da Morgan ya kafa hanyarsu a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na ka'idar da aka kafa, maimakon gabatar da ita azaman sabon algorithm. Tabbatar da gwaji ta amfani da BER vs. $E_b/N_0$ shine ma'auni na zinariya a cikin sadarwa, yana sa da'awarsu ta zama amintacciya ga al'umma nan da nan.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai

Ƙarfi: Bayyananniyar kwatancin hanyoyi biyu babban ƙarfi ne. Mafi girman aikin hanyar da aka yi wahayi daga ANC yana gamsarwa kuma yana nuna ƙimar wahayi ta tsaka-tsakin yanki. Takardar tana da kyakkyawan aiki, tana mai da hankali kan mafita a matakin da'ira da za a iya aiwatarwa maimakon gine-ginen ka'idar kawai.

Kurakurai & Gaps: Binciken, ko da yake yana da ƙarfi, yana jin kamar mataki na farko. Babban aibi shine rashin tattaunawa akan farashi da amfani da wutar lantarki na photodiode na taimako da da'irar cirewa—mai mahimmanci don haɗin IoT ko na'urar hannu. Ta yaya ƙarin rikitarwa ke tasiri girman mai karɓa da rayuwar baturi? Bugu da ƙari, hanyar ANC tana ɗauka cewa photodiode na tunani yana ɗaukar siginar hayaniya "mai tsabta". A cikin yanayin VLC mai yawa, masu watsawa da yawa (kamar rufin da ke da ikon Li-Fi), ware hayaniya daga wasu, siginar bayanai da ba a so ya zama sabon kalubale—wani nau'i na "matsalar liyafa" don haske. Wannan tsangwama tare da tashoshi ba a magance shi ba.

Fahimta mai Aiki

Ga masu aiki a masana'antu: Ka ba da fifiko ga tsarin gine-ginen da aka yi wahayi daga ANC don guntu na karɓar Li-Fi na gaba. Ƙarfinsa yana da darajar ƙarancin ƙirar kayan aiki. Ga masu bincike: Mataki na gaba na hankali shine haɗa tacewa mai daidaitawa mai sauƙi (misali, LMS) cikin hanyar cirewa don daidaita ribar $G$ ta atomatik, motsawa daga tsarin tsaye zuwa tsarin mai hankali. Bincika amfani da wannan tunanin hayaniyar haske don haɗin gwiwar sarrafa albarkatun VLC-RF, wani yanki da ke samun karbuwa a cikin binciken 6G. A ƙarshe, fara binciken amincin a ƙarƙashin matsanancin yanayin hayaniya (misali, fitilun strobe, baka na waldi) don gwada waɗannan hanyoyin fiye da kyakkyawan hasken fluorescent na dakin gwaje-gwaje. Wannan takarda tana ba da akwatin kayan aiki mai mahimmanci; yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a gina samfurin da ya ƙunshi ƙarfi.