Bincike na Sabon Lambar RLL 5B10B don Ingantaccen Sadarwar Haske Mai Gani

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan takarda tana bincike sabuwar lambar Run-Length Limited (RLL), mai suna 5B10B, da aka ba da shawara don tsarin Sadarwar Haske Mai Gani (VLC). Babban sabon abu yana cikin ƙirarta, wanda ke nufin samar da muhimmin daidaiton DC da ake buƙata don hasken da ba shi da flicker yayin da ake saka ƙarfin gyaran kuskure—haɗin da sau da yawa ba ya cikin lambobin RLL na gargajiya kamar Manchester, 4B6B, da 8B10B da ƙa'idar IEEE 802.15.7 ta tilasta.

Dalilin ya samo asali ne daga yanayin amfani biyu na VLC, inda Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) dole ne su samar da haske da watsa bayanai. Wannan yana sanya ƙuntatawa mai tsauri akan siginar da ake watsawa don guje wa sauye-sauyen haske da za a iya gani (flicker) waɗanda zasu iya zama masu cutarwa ko ban haushi. Yayin da lambobin RLL na al'ada ke magance daidaiton DC da sarrafa tsawon gudu, yawanci suna ba da gyaran kuskure mai rauni, sau da yawa suna buƙatar ƙarin matakan Forward Error Correction (FEC) masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke rage ingantaccen ƙimar bayanai.

2. Lambar 5B10B da Ake Shawarar

Lambar da ake ba da shawara ita ce lambar block wacce ke fassara kalmomin bayanai na bit 5 zuwa kalmomin lamba na bit 10, wanda ya haifar da ƙimar lamba na $R = \frac{5}{10} = 0.5$.

3. Binciken Fasaha & Aiki

4. Sakamakon Gwaji & Kwaikwayo

PDF ta nuna cewa binciken ka'idoji da sakamakon kwaikwayo sun nuna fifikon lambar 5B10B. Don watsa OOK-modulated akan tashoshi tare da Matsakaici zuwa Babban Sigina-zuwa-Yawa (SNR), lambar da aka ba da shawara ta fi dabarun al'ada dangane da Bit Error Ratio (BER).

Bayanin Taswirar Hasashe: Zane na BER vs. SNR zai iya nuna lanƙwasa guda uku: 1) Al'ada 8B10B (babban bene na BER), 2) 8B10B tare da lambar RS ta waje (lanƙwasa mai tsayi, mafi kyawun aiki amma mai rikitarwa), da 3) Shawarar 5B10B (lanƙwasa da ke tsakanin su, yana ba da BER mafi kyau fiye da al'ada 8B10B ba tare da cikakken rikitarwar lambar haɗe-haɗe ba). "Gwiwa" na lanƙwasa 5B10B zai faru a ƙananan SNR fiye da lambar RLL ta al'ada, yana nuna ƙarfinsa.

5. Ra'ayin Mai Bincike: Fahimta ta Asali & Zargi

Fahimta ta Asali: Lambar 5B10B ta Reguera ba sabon ci gaban FEC ba ce; ƙwaƙƙwaran sake ingantawa ce ta block ɗin lamba na Layer na zahiri don takamaiman, ƙuntataccen yanayin VLC. Ta gane cewa a yawancin aikace-aikacen IoT da VLC na mabukaci (Li-Fi don sanya matsayi na cikin gida, sarrafa haske mai wayo), tashar sau da yawa tana da matsakaicin kyau amma farashin tsarin da kasafin wutar lantarki suna da ƙuntatawa sosai. Hazaka tana cikin saka isasshen juriya ga kuskure don guje wa nauyin matakin FEC daban, yana motsa iyakar Pareto na aiki-rikitarwa yadda ya kamata.

Kwararar Ma'ana: Hujja tana da ƙarfi: 1) VLC tana buƙatar daidaiton DC (flicker). 2) Ma'auni suna amfani da lambobin RLL don wannan. 3) Waɗannan lambobin suna da BER mara kyau. 4) Ƙara FEC yana cutar da ƙimar/rikitarwa. 5) Saboda haka, ƙirƙiri sabuwar lambar RLL wacce ke da ingantattun kaddarorin nisa a zahiri. Ma'ana ta magance wani sanannen wurin zafi a cikin tarin yarjejeniya kai tsaye.

Ƙarfi & Aibobi:
Ƙarfi: Kyawun mafita ta lamba ɗaya shine babban ƙarfinta. Yana sauƙaƙa ƙirar mai karɓa, yana rage jinkiri, kuma ya dace daidai da ƙananan tsarin da aka saka masu ƙarancin farashi, masu yawa. Falsafar sa ta daidaitawa ta baya (maye gurbin block ɗaya a cikin sarkar mai rufewa/mai warwarewa) tana taimakawa wajen karɓa.
Aibobi: Musayar asali ita ce ƙimar lamba 0.5. A cikin zamanin da ake bin ingantaccen yanayin yanayi, wannan babbar sadaukarwa ce. Mai yiwuwa ba ta dace da aikace-aikacen VLC masu ƙimar bayanai ba. Bugu da ƙari, gyaran kuskurenta yana iyakance ga kurakuran bit bazuwa a cikin block; kurakuran fashe ko tashoshi masu tsanani har yanzu zasu buƙaci lambar waje. Takardar, a matsayin wasiƙa, mai yiwuwa ba ta da cikakken binciken rikitarwa/ƙimar kayan aiki idan aka kwatanta da lambobi na kusa da iyawa na zamani kamar LDPC ko lambobin Polar da ake amfani da su a cikin 5G da Wi-Fi.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu gine-ginen tsarin: Yi la'akari da wannan lamba don haɗin VLC masu ƙimar farashi, matsakaicin-SNR inda sauƙi ya fi ƙimar bayanai mafi girma. Yana da kyau ga hanyoyin sadarwar firikwensin, sarrafa masana'antu ta hanyar haske, ko kayan bayanan Li-Fi na asali. Ga masu bincike: Wannan aikin yana nuna ƙaramin ƙwararren da ba a bincika ba na haɗin lambar tushe-tashoshi-layi don ƙuntatattun tashoshi. Mataki na gaba shine bincika sigogin daidaitawa ko marasa ƙima na irin waɗannan lambobi, mai yiwuwa ta amfani da dabarun da aka yi wahayi ta hanyar Ka'idar Canja Sali na CycleGAN amma an yi amfani da su don ƙirar sigina—canza kaddarorin lamba don dacewa da yanayin tashoshi mai motsi.

6. Cikakkun Bayanan Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Ana iya bincika aikin wani ɓangare ta hanyar mafi ƙarancin nisan Hamming ($d_{min}$). Ga lambar block na binary, adadin kurakuran da za a iya gano su shine $d_{min} - 1$ kuma adadin kurakuran da za a iya gyara (ƙarƙashin warwarewa mai iyaka) shine $t = \lfloor (d_{min} - 1)/2 \rfloor$.

Idan an ƙera lambar 5B10B a matsayin lambar nauyi mai ɗorewa ko tare da ƙuntataccen bambanci, kowace kalmar lamba ta bit 10 na iya samun daidai bit 1 biyar da bit 0 biyar (nauyi=5). Nisan Hamming tsakanin irin waɗannan kalmomin lamba biyu yana da ko da yaushe kuma aƙalla 2. Littafin lamba da aka ƙera da kyau zai iya cimma $d_{min}$ na 4 ko 6, yana ba da damar gyara kuskure 1 ko 2 a kowane block na bit 10, bi da bi.

Ribin lamba na asymptotic (don siginar orthogonal) akan watsawa mara lamba ana iya kiyasta shi azaman $G = 10 \log_{10}(R \cdot d_{min})$ dB. Don $R=0.5$ da $d_{min}=4$, $G \approx 3 \text{ dB}$. Wannan yana ƙididdige da'awar "ingantaccen gyaran kuskure".

7. Tsarin Bincike & Misali na Ra'ayi

Nazarin Shari'a: Tsarin Sanya Matsayi na Li-Fi na Cikin Gida

Yanayi: Wata fitilar LED ta rufin tana watsa ID ɗinta na musamman da bayanan wuri zuwa kyamarar wayar hannu don kewayawa cikin gida.

Kalubale: Tashar tana fama da matsakaicin hayaniyar hasken muhalli da rufe lokaci-lokaci. Wayar hannu tana da ƙarancin ƙarfin sarrafa don warwarewa.

Hanyar Al'ada (IEEE 802.15.7): Yi amfani da lambar 8B10B. Don cimma ingantaccen sanya matsayi, ana iya ƙara lambar Reed-Solomon (RS) ta waje. Wannan yana buƙatar wayar ta gudanar da matakan warwarewa guda biyu (RLL + RS), yana ƙara amfani da wutar lantarki da jinkiri, wanda ke da mahimmanci don sanya matsayi na ainihi.

Hanyar 5B10B da Ake Shawarar: Maye gurbin sarkar 8B10B+RS da kawai mai warwarewa na 5B10B. Gyaran kuskure na asali na 5B10B yana sarrafa matsakaicin hayaniyar tashoshi. Wayar tana warwarewa da sauri tare da ƙarancin wutar lantarki. Musayar ita ce raguwar ƙimar bayanai na danye da kashi 37.5% (daga 0.8 zuwa 0.5). Duk da haka, don watsa gajeriyar ID mai maimaitawa da ma'auni, wannan ƙimar ta isa. Tsarin yana samun riba a cikin sauƙi, farashi, da rayuwar baturi.

Abin da Aka Ɗauka daga Tsarin: Wannan misalin yana amfani da matrix na yanke shawara mai sauƙi: Yanayin Tashoshi vs. Kasafin Rikitarwar Tsarin vs. Bukatar Ƙimar Bayanai. Lambar 5B10B tana niyya ga ɓangaren "Matsakaicin Tashoshi, Ƙananan Rikitarwa, Ƙimar Bayanai Mai Ƙarancin-Matsakaici."

8. Hangar Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba

• VLC na IoT Mai Ƙarancin Wutar Lantarki: Babban yanki na aikace-aikace. Ka yi tunanin firikwensin da ke amfani da baturi suna sadarwa ta hanyar hasken da aka daidaita zuwa cibiyar tsakiya, inda makamashin warwarewa ya fi mahimmanci.
• VLC na Ƙarƙashin Ruwa (UWVLC): Tashoshin ƙarƙashin ruwa suna da tarwatsawa da raguwa mai yawa. Lamba mai ƙarfi, mai sauƙi kamar 5B10B na iya zama mai ƙima don haɗin umarni-da-sarrafa masu aminci, masu ɗan gajeren zango tsakanin motocin ƙarƙashin ruwa masu cin gashin kansu (AUVs) da tashoshin doki.
• Haɗin Hankali da Sadarwa (ISAC): A cikin ISAC na tushen VLC, inda ake amfani da haske duka don haskaka ɗaki da kuma hankalin zama, dole ne siginar sadarwa ya zama mara flicker kuma mai ƙarfi sosai. Ƙarfin sarrafa DC da juriya ga kuskure na 5B10B sun sa ya zama ɗan takara don ɓangaren sadarwa na irin wannan siginar mai aiki biyu.
• Bincike na Gaba:
  • Daidaitaccen Ƙimar Lamba: Haɓaka dangin lambobi (misali, 5B10B, 6B10B) waɗanda zasu iya daidaita ƙimar bisa ga martanin SNR na tashoshi.
  • Ƙirar da Koyon Injini ya Taimaka: Yin amfani da saukowa gradient ko ƙarfafawa koyo (kamar yadda AlphaFold ke hasashen tsarin furotin) don bincika sararin samaniya mai yuwuwar littattafan lambobi don waɗanda suka inganta aikin mai manufa da yawa (daidaiton DC, $d_{min}$, tsawon gudu).
  • Haɗawa tare da Ingantaccen Daidaitawa: Bincika aikin lambar tare da daidaitawa mafi girma kamar OFDM a cikin VLC (DCO-OFDM, ACO-OFDM), inda kaddarorinta na iya taimakawa rage matsalolin ƙimar ƙarfi-zuwa-matsakaici (PAPR).

9. Nassoshi

1. Reguera, V. A. (Shekara). Sabuwar Lambar RLL tare da Ingantaccen Aikin Kuskure don Sadarwar Haske Mai Gani. Wasikun Sadarwa na IEEE.
2. Matsayin IEEE don Cibiyoyin Sadarwa na Gida da Birane–Sashi na 15.7: Sadarwar Waya ta Gani ta Gajeren Zango ta Amfani da Haske Mai Gani, IEEE Std 802.15.7-2018.
3. Marubuta. (Shekara). Warwarewa mai laushi na lambobin RS da aka haɗa tare da lambar RLL ta ciki. Jarida/Taron da ya dace.
4. Marubuta. (Shekara). Haɗin lambar FEC-RLL ta amfani da lambobin convolutional da Miller. Jarida/Taron da ya dace.
5. Marubuta. (Shekara). Ingantaccen warwarewar RLL tare da fitarwa mai laushi. Jarida/Taron da ya dace.
6. Marubuta. (Shekara). Maye gurbin mai rufewa na RLL ta alamomin ramuwa. Jarida/Taron da ya dace.
7. Marubuta. (Shekara). Lambar Ƙimar Haɗin Kai (URC) don Ƙaruwar Ƙarfin VLC. Jarida/Taron da ya dace.
8. Marubuta. (Shekara). Lambobin Miller na e. Jarida/Taron da ya dace.
9. Marubuta. (Shekara). Lambobin Polar tare da ƙayyadadden bit ɗin daskararre don VLC. Jarida/Taron da ya dace.
10. Zhu, J., da sauransu. (2015). Rage Flicker a cikin Sadarwar Haske Mai Gani. A cikin: Tsarin Sadarwar Waya ta Gani Mai Ci Gaba. Cambridge University Press. (Misali na tushe mai iko na waje akan flicker).
11. Isola, P., da sauransu. (2017). Fassara Hoto-zuwa-Hoto tare da Cibiyoyin Adawa na Sharadi. CVPR. (Nassin CycleGAN don wahayi na ra'ayi akan ayyukan canji).
12. Ƙayyadaddun Fasaha na 3GPP 38.212. Haɗawa da lambar tashoshi. (Nassi don lambobin tashoshi na zamani kamar lambobin Polar).