Zaɓi Harshe

Simulation da Tabbatarwa ta Gwaji na Sadarwar Kamara ta Hasken Gani

Wata sabuwar dabarar simulation don tsarin OCC da ke ba da damar aiki fiye da saurin shutter na kamara, wanda aka tabbatar ta gwaji don kamarori biyu.
rgbcw.org | PDF Size: 0.3 MB
Kima: 4.5/5
★ ★ ★ ★ ★
Kimarku
Kun riga kun ƙididdige wannan takarda
Murfin Takardar PDF - Simulation da Tabbatarwa ta Gwaji na Sadarwar Kamara ta Hasken Gani
Duba Takardar PDF Zazzage PDF Fassara PDF
Gida » Takaddun » Simulation da Tabbatarwa ta Gwaji na Sadarwar Kamara ta Hasken Gani

1. Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

2. Takaitaccen Bayani

An yi nazari sosai kan sadarwar haske mai gani (VLC) tare da na'urorin gano hoto (PDs), amma akwai karancin kayan aiki iri daya don sadarwar kamara ta haske (OCC) tare da na'urorin firikwensin CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor). Tsarin VLC na tushen kamara yana da karancin saurin bayanai saboda lokacin fallasa kamara. Daga cikin 'yan kayan aikin simulation na OCC da ke akwai, babu wanda ke ba da damar simulation na hotuna lokacin da lokacin fallasa ya fi lokacin siginar girma. Muna ba da shawarar wata hanya mai sauki ta simulation don OCC wacce ke ba da damar gwada aikin tsarin a mitoci fiye da saurin shutter na kamara. Wannan yana ba da damar inganta saurin bayanai ta hanyar aiki a ainihin mitar da algorithm na yanke hukunci ya daina ganowa maimakon iyakar fallasa da ake amfani da ita yanzu. An tabbatar da daidaiton simulation ta hanyar kwatanta yawan nasarar ganowa na hotunan da aka yi simulation da hotunan gwaji don kamarori biyu daban-daban.

3. Gabatarwa

Ka'idojin da ake da su na tsarin VLC (IEEE 802.15.7 zuwa 802.11bb) suna ba da fifiko ga PDs fiye da kamarori saboda saurin gudu. Duk da haka, yawaitar kamarori yana ba da muhimman hanyoyin amfani ga VLC na tushen kamara kamar tantance wuri a cikin gida da sadarwa tsakanin motoci. Ana iya amfani da na'urorin firikwensin CMOS masu rahusa don sadarwa ta hanya daya don sauƙaƙe tantance wuri a cikin gida. Ana iya samun tantance wurin mai watsa sigina ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tambarin rediyo ko dabarun tushen karfin maganadisu, amma ba su da daidaito kamar VLC na tushen kamara. Don gano kowane mai watsa sigina da kansa, dole ne tsawon lambar da ake watsawa ya yi tsawo, wanda ke buƙatar babban saurin bayanai. Ana amfani da kayan aikin simulation gabaɗaya don gano mafi girman mitar aiki da yanke shawara kan mafi girman adadin rago a cikin lambar. Yayin da VLC na tushen PD yana da kayan aiki da yawa don wannan, VLC na tushen kamara ba shi da su.

Hanyoyin simulation na OCC na yanzu ba su da daidaito kamar na PDs, saboda hanyoyin sarrafa hoto daban-daban da kamarorin CMOS ke amfani da su. An samar da wata hanya ta radiometric tare da cikakken tsarin sarrafa hoto don gwada aikin kamara amma ba a hada da tasirin rolling shutter ba. An yi amfani da samfurin Lambertian don mai watsa sigina don hada nisa, kuma an yi amfani da bayanan hasken mai watsa sigina a cikin Blender don samar da hotuna masu kama da na gaske, amma dukansu ba su da ikon OCC. CamComSim yana amfani da tsarin Markov-modulated Bernoulli don simulation na hanyar sadarwa amma baya samar da hoto don sauƙaƙe gwajin algorithm na yanke hukunci. An yi simulation na OCC ta amfani da ribar DC na kowane pixel da kuma amfani da kaddarorin photometric, amma dukansu ba su bayyana aiki fiye da saurin shutter ba. Yawancin hanyoyin simulation na VLC na tushen kamara suna amfani da ka'idodin kimiyyar lissafi don tantance ma'auni na aiki kai tsaye, wanda ke haifar da taurin kai. Muna magance wannan ta hanyar amfani da matsakaicin nauyi mai sauƙi na hasken da ake tsammani a kan lokutan fallasa guda ɗaya, yana ba da damar simulation na hotuna kusa da gaskiya.

4. Hanyoyin Aiki

An zayyana tsarin aiki a cikin Hoto na 1, inda mai watsa sigina shine hasken panel na LED. An zaɓi lamba mai rago 10 tunda tana ba da damar bambance-bambance 1024 na musamman waɗanda za a iya sanya su ga fitilu da yawa a yanayin tantance wurin mai watsa sigina don matsayi a cikin gida. Ana rufa wannan lambar ta amfani da differential Manchester encoding don iyakance tsawon gudu na rago. Hanyar simulation tana amfani da matsakaicin nauyi na hasken da ake tsammani a kan lokutan fallasa guda ɗaya, yana ba da damar samar da hotuna daidai ko da lokacin fallasa ya fi lokacin siginar girma. Simulation yana la'akari da tasirin rolling shutter na kamarorin CMOS, wanda ke da mahimmanci don ingantaccen samfurin OCC.

5. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha da Tsarin Lissafi

Jigon simulation ya dogara ne akan matsakaicin nauyi na haske a kan lokacin fallasa. Ga wani pixel $(i,j)$, hasken da aka kama $I_{i,j}$ ana bayar da shi ta:

$I_{i,j} = \frac{1}{T_{exp}} \int_{t_0}^{t_0+T_{exp}} L_{i,j}(t) \cdot S(t) \, dt$

inda $T_{exp}$ shine lokacin fallasa, $L_{i,j}(t)$ shine hasken da ke faruwa a pixel $(i,j)$ a lokaci $t$, kuma $S(t)$ shine aikin shutter (yawanci taga rectangular don global shutter ko taga mai zamewa don rolling shutter). Ga kamara mai rolling shutter, kowane layi $r$ yana da lokacin farawa daban $t_0(r)$, wanda ke haifar da:

$I_{i,j}^{(r)} = \frac{1}{T_{exp}} \int_{t_0(r)}^{t_0(r)+T_{exp}} L_{i,j}(t) \cdot S(t) \, dt$

Ga siginar OOK (On-Off Keying) mai rago biyu tare da lokaci $T_s$, ana iya raba haɗin kai. Idan lokacin fallasa ya fi lokacin siginar girma ($T_{exp} > T_s$), hasken da aka kama ya zama jimlar nauyi na rago da yawa. Simulation yana amfani da kusantar tsaga:

$I_{i,j}^{(r)} \approx \frac{1}{N} \sum_{k=0}^{N-1} L_{i,j}(t_0(r) + k \cdot \Delta t) \cdot w_k$

inda $N = T_{exp} / \Delta t$ shine adadin ƙananan tazara, kuma $w_k$ sune nauyin da ke lissafin aikin shutter. Wannan yana ba da damar simulation a kowane mitar sigina, har ma fiye da ƙimar Nyquist na kamara.

6. Sakamakon Gwaji da Bayanin Zane

Hoto na 1: Tsarin Block na Tsarin

Tsarin block na tsarin yana nuna mai watsa sigina (hasken panel na LED) yana samar da lamba mai rago 10, wanda aka rufa ta amfani da differential Manchester encoding. Siginar da aka rufa tana canza hasken LED. Kamara tana kama hasken da aka canza, kuma ana sarrafa hoton ta hanyar algorithm na yanke hukunci ta amfani da dabarun thresholding. Simulation yana maimaita wannan tsarin, yana samar da hotuna na wucin gadi waɗanda aka yanke hukunci ta amfani da algorithm iri ɗaya.

Tabbatarwa ta Gwaji

An tabbatar da simulation ta amfani da kamarori biyu daban-daban: kamarar wayar hannu da kamarar hangen nesa na inji. An auna yawan nasarar ganowa a matsayin aikin mitar sigina. Sakamako ya nuna cewa simulation ya yi hasashen mitar da algorithm na yanke hukunci ya daina ganowa daidai, yana daidaita da bayanan gwaji a cikin kuskuren 5%. Misali, a mitar sigina na 1 kHz (lokacin fallasa 1 ms), simulation ya yi hasashen yawan nasara na 95%, yayin da gwaji ya samar da 93%. A 5 kHz, duka simulation da gwaji sun nuna raguwa mai kaifi zuwa ƙasa da 10% na yawan nasara, yana tabbatar da ikon simulation na yin samfurin aiki fiye da iyakar saurin shutter.

7. Misalin Tsarin Bincike

Nazarin Shari'a: Tantance Wuri a Cikin Gida tare da Lambobi masu Rago 10

Yi la'akari da tsarin tantance wuri a cikin gida tare da fitilu 100 na LED, kowannensu yana watsa lamba mai rago 10 na musamman. Ta amfani da differential Manchester encoding, an iyakance tsawon gudu mafi girma zuwa rago 2, yana tabbatar da dawo da agogo mai dogaro. Tsarin simulation yana ba da damar gwada tsarin a mitoci daban-daban don nemo mafi girman mitar aiki inda za a iya yanke hukunci ga dukkan lambobi 100 cikin nasara. Ga kamara mai 30 fps (33 ms fallasa), simulation ya nuna cewa ana iya yanke hukunci ga mitoci har zuwa 500 Hz tare da yawan nasara> 90%, yana ba da damar saurin bayanai na 500 bps kowace fitila. Wannan ya isa don gano fitilu 100 na musamman a cikin dakika 0.2.

8. Bincike na Asali

Takardar ta gabatar da wata hanya mai amfani ga wani muhimmin cikas a Sadarwar Kamara ta Hasken Gani (OCC): rashin ikon kayan aikin simulation na yanzu na yin samfurin aikin tsarin lokacin da lokacin fallasa ya fi lokacin siginar girma. Wannan babbar gudummawa ce saboda tana kalubalanci hikimar al'ada cewa saurin bayanai na OCC yana da iyaka ta saurin shutter na kamara. Ta hanyar amfani da matsakaicin nauyi na haske a kan lokacin fallasa, marubutan sun nuna cewa yanke hukunci yana yiwuwa a mitoci fiye da ƙimar Nyquist, muddin algorithm na yanke hukunci yana da ƙarfi. Wannan ya yi daidai da binciken da aka samu a wasu fagage, kamar amfani da CycleGAN don fassarar hoto zuwa hoto (Zhu et al., 2017), inda hanyoyin tushen koyo za su iya dawo da bayanai daga bayanan da ba a cika samfur ba ko kuma na gurbatattu. Tabbatarwa ta gwaji tare da kamarori biyu daban-daban ta kara da aminci, amma takardar ba ta da zurfin bincike na ka'ida kan iyakokin rabon sigina zuwa amo (SNR). Hanyar simulation tana da kyau a cikin saukinta, amma tana ɗaukan amsar kamara ta layi, wanda ba zai iya riƙe ga dukkan na'urorin firikwensin CMOS ba, musamman a matakan haske marasa ƙarfi. Amfani da differential Manchester encoding zaɓi ne mai wayo don rage canjin tushe, amma takardar ba ta bincika wasu hanyoyin rufewa kamar 4B5B ko 8B10B waɗanda za su iya ba da mafi kyawun kaddarorin bakan. Daga hangen nesa na masana'antu, wannan aikin mataki ne zuwa tsarin OCC mai amfani don tantance wuri a cikin gida da sadarwa tsakanin motoci, amma saurin bayanai (ɗaruruwan bps) har yanzu suna da girma da yawa fiye da VLC na tushen PD (Mbps). Ƙimar gaske tana cikin yin amfani da kayan aikin kamara da ke akwai ba tare da ƙarin farashin kayan aiki ba. Aikin gaba ya kamata ya mayar da hankali kan sarrafa fallasa mai daidaitawa da yanke hukunci na tushen koyon inji don tura iyakokin mitar gaba.

9. Babban Fahimta, Tsarin Tunani, Karfi da Rashi, Shawarwari masu Amfani

Babban Fahimta: Babban jigon takardar shine cewa tsarin OCC na iya aiki a mitoci fiye da saurin shutter na kamara ta hanyar amfani da dabarar simulation wacce ke yin samfurin haɗin haske a kan lokacin fallasa daidai. Wannan canji ne na tsarin tunani daga aikin yanzu na iyakance aiki zuwa ƙimar Nyquist.

Tsarin Tunani: Takardar ta fara da gano gibin da ke cikin kayan aikin simulation na OCC, sannan ta ba da shawarar wata hanya mai sauƙi ta matsakaicin nauyi, ta tabbatar da ita ta gwaji, kuma ta tattauna abubuwan da ke tattare da ita. Tsarin yana da ma'ana amma ana iya ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar samun zurfin lissafi na iyakokin kuskure.

Karfi da Rashi: Karfi sun haɗa da saukin simulation, tabbatarwa ta gwaji tare da kamarori biyu, da kuma bayyanannun abubuwan amfani a aikace. Rashi sun haɗa da ɗaukan amsar kamara ta layi, rashin bincike na SNR, da kuma iyakancewar bincike kan hanyoyin rufewa. Takardar kuma ba ta magance tasirin blur na motsi ko yanayin haske daban-daban ba.

Shawarwari masu Amfani: Ga masu aiki, wannan aikin yana ba da tsarin simulation da aka shirya don amfani don tsara tsarin OCC. Babban abin da za a ɗauka shine cewa ya kamata a tantance mafi girman mitar aiki ta wurin gazawar algorithm na yanke hukunci, ba saurin shutter ba. Ga masu bincike, takardar tana buɗe hanyoyi don sarrafa fallasa mai daidaitawa, yanke hukunci na tushen koyon inji, da haɗin kai tare da tasirin rolling shutter. Ya kamata a bude lambar simulation don hanzarta karɓuwa.

10. Aikace-aikace na Gaba da Hasashe

Hanyar simulation da aka gabatar tana da aikace-aikace masu yawa a cikin ƙirar tsarin OCC. A cikin tantance wuri a cikin gida, tana ba da damar amfani da dogon lambobi don gano ɗaruruwan fitilu na musamman, yana inganta daidaito. A cikin sadarwa tsakanin motoci, tana ba da damar watsa bayanai mai dogaro daga fitilun zirga-zirga zuwa motoci ta amfani da kamarori na yau da kullun. Ana iya faɗaɗa dabarar zuwa masu watsa sigina masu yawa na LED da tsarin MIMO-OCC. Hanyoyin gaba sun haɗa da:

11. Manazarta

  1. Zhu, J. Y., Park, T., Isola, P., & Efros, A. A. (2017). Unpaired image-to-image translation using cycle-consistent adversarial networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).
  2. IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks–Part 15.7: Short-Range Wireless Optical Communication Using Visible Light, IEEE Std 802.15.7-2018.
  3. Pathak, P. H., Feng, X., Hu, P., & Mohapatra, P. (2015). Visible light communication, networking, and sensing: A survey, potential and challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 17(4), 2047-2077.
  4. Danakis, C., Afgani, M., Povey, G., Underwood, I., & Haas, H. (2012). Using a CMOS camera sensor for visible light communication. IEEE Globecom Workshops, 1244-1248.
  5. Nguyen, T., Islam, A., & Jang, Y. M. (2017). Performance analysis of optical camera communication using rolling shutter and multi-level modulation. IEEE Access, 5, 24614-24624.
  6. Le, N. T., & Jang, Y. M. (2015). Performance evaluation of optical camera communication using OOK and rolling shutter. International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), 1001-1005.