Tsarin Matsayin VLC na Uplink Wanda Ke Amfani da Tunani Mai Yawa

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan takarda ta gabatar da wata sabuwar hanya mai ban mamaki don tantance wuri a cikin gida a cikin tsarin Sadarwar Haske Mai Gani (VLC). Ba kamar hanyoyin gargajiya da ke ɗaukar tunani mai yawa a matsayin hayaniya ba, wannan fasaha tana amfani da su sosai, musamman Kololuwar Ƙarfi na Biyu (SPP) a cikin amsar gudun tashoshi na uplink, don kimanta wurin mai amfani daga gefen cibiyar sadarwa. Tsarin da aka gabatar yana aiki a cikin uplink na infrared, yana buƙatar mai gano hoto guda ɗaya (PD) kawai don tantance wuri na asali, tare da ingantaccen daidaito sosai ta hanyar ƙara ƙarin wuraren tunani.

2. Hanyar Tsaki & Tsarin Tsarin

2.1. Tsarin Tsarin

An tsara tsarin tantance wuri don uplink na cibiyar sadarwar VLC. Masu amfani suna sanye da na'urori masu watsa infrared (misali, LEDs), yayin da aka sanya wuraren tunani na ƙayyadadden - masu gano hoto (PDs) - a rufi ko bangon. Gefen cibiyar sadarwa yana sarrafa siginonin da aka karɓa don kimanta ma'auni na 2D ko 3D na mai amfani. Wannan tsarin yana canza rikitaccen lissafi daga na'urar mai amfani zuwa kayan aiki, wanda ya dace da ayyukan sarrafa cibiyar sadarwa kamar mika wuya da rabon albarkatu.

2.2. Bincike Amsar Gudun Tashoshi

Sabon abu mai mahimmanci yana cikin binciken Amsar Gudun Tashoshi (CIR). CIR yawanci yana ƙunshe da kololuwar Ganin Layi (LOS) mai rinjaye wanda ke biye da ƙananan kololuwa da yawa saboda tunani daga bangon da abubuwa. Marubutan sun gano kololuwar tunani ta farko mai mahimmanci bayan LOS, wanda ake kira Kololuwar Ƙarfi na Biyu (SPP), a matsayin tushe mai mahimmanci na bayanan geometric.

Mahimman Ma'auni da aka Cire:

• Bangaren LOS: Yana ba da bayanan kai tsaye na nisa/kusurwa.
• Bangaren SPP: Yana ba da bayani game da babbar hanyar tunani.
• Jinkiri ($\Delta\tau$): Bambancin lokaci tsakanin isowar LOS da SPP. Wannan jinkirin yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da bambancin tsawon hanyoyin: $\Delta d = c \cdot \Delta\tau$, inda $c$ shine saurin haske.

3. Cikakkun Bayanai & Algorithm

3.1. Tsarin Lissafi

Ƙarfin haske da aka karɓa a PD ya haɗa da bangarorin LOS da watsawa (tunani). Za a iya ƙirƙira amsar gudu kamar haka:

$h(t) = h_{LOS}(t) + h_{diff}(t)$

Inda $h_{LOS}(t)$ shine ƙayyadadden bangaren LOS kuma $h_{diff}(t)$ shine bangaren watsawa daga tunani. Algorithm ta mayar da hankali kan cire jinkirin lokaci da girman SPP a cikin $h_{diff}(t)$. Geometric da ke da alaƙa da wurin mai amfani $(x_u, y_u, z_u)$, wurin PD $(x_{pd}, y_{pd}, z_{pd})$, da babban mai tunani (misali, bango) yana haifar da ellipse na yuwuwar wuraren mai amfani don wani $\Delta\tau$.

3.2. Algorithm na Tantance Wuri

1. Kimar CIR: Karɓi siginonin uplink kuma kimanta CIR ta amfani da fasaha kamar tacewa daidai.
2. Gano Kololuwa: Gano kololuwar LOS ($\tau_{LOS}$) da mafi mahimmanci SPP ($\tau_{SPP}$). Lissafa $\Delta\tau = \tau_{SPP} - \tau_{LOS}$.
3. Warware Geometric: Ta amfani da sanannen wurin PD da geometric ɗakin (wuraren masu tunani), $\Delta\tau$ daga PD ɗaya yana ayyana ƙayyadaddun elliptical akan wurin mai amfani. Tare da PD ɗaya da sanannen tsayin mai amfani, za a iya kimanta matsayi na 2D. Ƙarin PDs suna ba da ƙayyadaddun tsaka-tsaki, suna inganta kimanta ta hanyar algorithm na mafi ƙanƙanta murabba'ai ko makamancin haka.

4. Sakamakon Gwaji & Aiki

4.1. Saitin Kwaikwayo

An kimanta aikin ta hanyar kwaikwayo a cikin daidaitaccen samfurin ɗaki (misali, 5m x 5m x 3m). An sanya masu gano hoto a sanannun wuraren rufi. An yi amfani da samfurin tashoshi na bin diddigin haske ko makamancin haka don samar da CIR na gaske ciki har da LOS har zuwa tunani na mataki na biyu.

4.2. Binciken Daidaito

Ma'auni na farko shine Kuskuren Tantance Wuri na Tushen Ma'anar Murabba'ai (RMS).

• Yanayin PD Guda: An sami kuskuren RMS na kusan 25 cm. Wannan yana nuna ainihin iyawar amfani da tunani mai yawa daga wurin tunani guda ɗaya.
• Yanayin PD Hudu: Kuskuren RMS ya inganta sosai zuwa kusan 5 cm. Wannan yana nuna iyawar tsarin da ƙimar bambance-bambancen sarari a cikin wuraren tunani.

Bayanin Ginshiƙi (An fahimta): Taswirar sandar za ta iya nuna kuskuren RMS (y-axis) yana raguwa sosai yayin da adadin PDs (x-axis) ya karu daga 1 zuwa 4. Wani jeri na biyu na iya nuna CIR tare da bayyanannun kololuwar LOS da SPP da aka lakafta.

5. Muhimman Fahimta & Binciken Kwatance

Fahimta ta Tsaki: Hazakar takardar ita ce canjin tsarin: ɗaukar tunani mai yawa ba a matsayin abin da za a daidaita (kamar yadda yake a cikin ka'idar sadarwa ta gargajiya) amma a matsayin tushe mai wadatar yatsun geometric. Wannan yayi daidai da juyin halitta a cikin firikwensin RF, inda tsarin kamar Wi-Fi Radar yanzu ke amfani da Bayanin Yanayin Tashoshi (CSI) don gane ayyuka. Marubutan sun gano daidai uplink, sarrafa gefen cibiyar sadarwa a matsayin fa'ida mai dabarun don ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da kayan aiki.

Kwararar Hankali: Hujjar tana da ban sha'awa. 1) Tashoshin VLC suna da ƙarfi, tunani mai yawa da za a iya gane saboda geometric ɗakin. 2) SPP siffa ce mai ƙarfi, mai ma'auni. 3) Jinkirin lokaci yana ɓoye bambance-bambancen nisa. 4) Saboda haka, zai iya warware wuri. Tsallaka daga PD guda (ellipse) zuwa PD mai yawa (maɓallin tsaka-tsaki) yana da ma'ana kuma an tabbatar da shi ta sakamakon kwaikwayo.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Babban ƙarfi shine ingantaccen kayan aiki (aikin PD guda) da babban yuwuwar daidaito (5 cm). Babban aibi, wanda aka yarda amma ba a magance shi sosai ba, shine dogaro da muhalli. Algorithm tana ɗauka SPPs da za a iya gane su daga manyan masu tunani (bangon). A cikin mahalli masu cunkoso, masu motsi (misali, taron mutane a cikin filin jirgin sama), CIR ya zama hargitsi, kuma kololuwar "na biyu" bazai dace da tsayayyen hanyar geometric ba. Aiki a cikin yanayin da ba a ganin layi ba (NLOS) inda aka toshe LOS ya kasance tambaya a buɗe.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu bincike: Mayar da hankali kan cire fasali mai ƙarfi daga CIR masu hayaniya ta amfani da koyon inji, kamar yadda CycleGAN ke koyon fassara tsakanin yankuna ba tare da bayanan haɗin gwiwa ba—a nan, mutum zai iya koyon taswirar CIR masu rikicewa zuwa tsaftatattun fasalin geometric. Ga masana'antu (kamar VLNCOMM, ƙungiyar marubuci): Wannan ya dace daidai da mahalli masu sarrafawa, tsayayye na farko—tunanin ɗakunan ajiya don bin diddigin mutum-mutumi, gidajen tarihi don jagororin mu'amala, ko benen masana'antu. Guji tallata shi don wuraren masu amfani masu ƙarfi sosai har sai an tabbatar da ƙarfi.

6. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Lamari

Tsarin don Kimanta Hanyoyin Tantance Wuri na VLC:

1. Firam ɗin Tunani: Uplink (Gefen Cibiyar Sadarwa) vs. Downlink (Gefen Mai Amfani).
2. Fasalin Sigina: RSS, TOA/TDOA, AOA, ko Fasalin CIR (kamar SPP).
3. Mafi ƙarancin Kayan Aiki: Adadin LEDs/PDs da ake buƙata don gyara.
4. Daidaito & Ƙarfi: Kuskuren RMS a cikin sarrafawa vs. saitunan motsi.
5. Nauyin Lissafi: A kan na'urar mai amfani vs. a kan uwar garken cibiyar sadarwa.

Misalin Lamari: Bin Diddigin Kadari na ɗakin Ajiya
Yanayi: Bin diddigin kekunan mai cin gashin kansa a cikin ɗakin ajiya na 20m x 50m.
Aiwatar da Hanyar da aka Gabatar: Saka grid na PDs na uplink na IR a rufi. Kowane kekuna yana da alamar LED IR. Babban uwar garken yana sarrafa siginoni daga duk PDs.
Fa'ida: Babban daidaito (~5-10 cm) yana ba da damar tantance wurin kaya daidai da kaucewa karo. Sarrafa gefen cibiyar sadarwa yana nufin sauƙi, alamun ƙarancin wutar lantarki akan kekuna.
Kalubale: Mahallin yana da ɗan motsi (shiryayye suna tsaye, amma sauran kekuna da mutane suna motsi). Dole ne tsarin ya iya bambanta SPP daga tunani daga shiryayye na tsaye da kuma cikas masu motsi. Wannan zai buƙaci algorithms masu daidaitawa ko haɗakar firikwensin (misali, tare da odometry na ƙafafu).

7. Ayyukan Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike

Ayyuka:

• IoT na Masana'antu & Dabaru: Bin diddigi mai mahimmanci na kayan aiki, mutum-mutumi, da kaya a cikin masana'antu da ɗakunan ajiya.
• Gine-gine Masu Hikima: Kayan aiki na tushen wuri (haske, HVAC) da tsaro (bin diddigin ma'aikata a wuraren da aka hana).
• Gaskiyar Haɗaka (AR): Samar da tantance wuri a cikin gida mai daidaito na santimita don ɗora abun ciki na AR ba tare da kyamarori ba, yana haɗa fasaha kamar ARKit/ARCore.
• Kishiyoyin Farko & Kewayawa Soja: Kewayawa da aka hana GPS a cikin gine-gine ga masu kashe gobara ko sojoji.

Hanyoyin Bincike:

• Koyon Injin don Fassarar CIR: Yin amfani da cibiyoyin jijiyoyi na convolutional (CNNs) ko cibiyoyin jijiyoyi masu maimaitawa (RNNs) don taswirar CIR ɗin da aka sarrafa kai tsaye zuwa ma'auni na wuri, yana sa tsarin ya fi ƙarfi ga canje-canjen muhalli.
• Haɗakar Firikwensin: Haɗa tantance wuri na VLC tare da raka'o'in auna inertial (IMUs), madaidaicin madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya (UWB), ko Wi-Fi na yau da kullun don ƙarfi yayin yanayin NLOS ko shubuha na CIR.
• Daidaituwa & Samfurin Tashoshi: Haɓaka ƙarin daidaitattun samfuran tashoshi na VLC waɗanda suka haɗa da kaddarorin tunani iri-iri na kayan (kamar yadda aka samo a cikin ma'ajin bayanai kamar shawarwarin ITU don RF) don inganta gaskiyar kwaikwayo.
• Ka'idoji Masu Ƙarfin Makamashi: Ƙirƙirar ka'idojin sarrafa hanyar sadarwa (MAC) don yawan cibiyoyin sadarwa na alamun tantance wuri na uplink don guje wa tsangwama da kiyaye rayuwar baturi.

8. Nassoshi

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8. J.-Y. Zhu, T. Park, P. Isola, A. A. Efros. "Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks." IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2017. (Nassin CycleGAN don kwatancen ML).
9. Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU). "Shawara P.1238: Bayanan yaduwa da hanyoyin tsinkaya don tsara tsarin sadarwar rediyo na cikin gida." (Misali na tushen samfurin tashoshi mai iko).