Saurin juyin halittar fasahar saka jiki yana nuna wani lokaci mai canzawa a cikin hulɗar mutum da kwamfuta, yana haɗa ayyukan dijital cikin sauƙi cikin rayuwar yau da kullun. Wannan takarda tana binciken tafarkin tarihi, ci gaban yanzu, da yuwuwar nan gaba na na'urorin saka jiki, tana jaddada tasirinsu akan lafiya, samar da aiki, da lafiyar mutum. Manyan ci gaba sun haɗa da haɗin hankalin wucin gadi (AI), Intanet na Abubuwa (IoT), da gani na ƙari (AR). Binciken ya nuna ƙa'idodin ƙira mai dogaro ga mai amfani, la'akari da ɗa'a, da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin fannoni daban-daban a matsayin muhimman abubuwa. Bugu da ƙari, takardar ta bincika yanayin dorewa, kamar ƙirar sassa-sassa da kayan da ba su cutar da muhalli.
Fasahar saka jiki tana canzawa daga wani sabon abu na musamman zuwa wani muhimmin sashi na rayuwar yau da kullun, tana sake fasalin hulɗar mutum da kwamfuta gaba ɗaya.
Yayin da muka shiga shekara ta 2025, fasahar saka jiki ba ta daɗe ba. Juyin halittar ta samo asali ne ta hanyar ci gaban ƙanƙanta, haɗin kai mara waya, da fasahar na'urori masu auna abubuwa. Tun daga farkon agogon lissafi a cikin shekarun 1980 zuwa na'urori masu ƙima na yau waɗanda suka haɗa AI da AR, na'urorin saka jiki suna zama masu mahimmanci ga lafiya, tsaro, da samar da aiki.
Hankalin wucin gadi, musamman koyon injina da manyan samfuran harshe (LLMs), shine babban mai tafiyar da guguwar nan gaba. AI yana ba da damar na'urori su koya daga manyan tarin bayanai, su daidaita da halayen mai amfani, kuma su ba da ayyuka na musamman, masu sanin yanayi.
Tafiyar ta fara ne da na'urori masu sauƙi kamar agogon lissafi a cikin shekarun 1980. Shekarun 2000 sun ga haɓakar na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki (misali, Fitbit). Yanayin yanzu yana da rinjaye da agogon waya masu hikima masu ayyuka da yawa (Apple Watch, Samsung Galaxy Watch), na'urorin ji, da tabarau na AR, duk suna aiki da na'urori masu auna abubuwa masu ƙima da haɗin kai.
Algorithms na AI suna sarrafa bayanan na'urori masu auna abubuwa don gane aiki, gano rashin daidaituwa na lafiya, da binciken tsinkaya. Misali, ana iya nazarin siginonin photoplethysmography (PPG) daga agogon waya mai hikima ta hanyar cibiyar sadarwar jijiya mai kama (CNN) don gano bugun zuciya mai saurin gaske da babban daidaito.
Na'urorin saka jiki na zamani suna haɗa na'urori masu ƙara gudu, gyroscopes, masu auna bugun zuciya, na'urori masu auna SpO2, da GPS. Algorithms na haɗakar na'urori masu auna abubuwa (misali, matatun Kalman) suna haɗa wannan bayanan don ƙarin sanin yanayi daidai. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) da Wi-Fi suna ba da damar haɗin kai cikin sauƙi cikin babban tsarin IoT.
Tabarau na AR suna lulluɓe bayanan dijital a kan duniyar zahiri. Wannan yana buƙatar daidaitaccen taswirar sarari, gane abu, da fasahar nuni mara jinkiri don ƙirƙirar ƙwarewar haɗakar gaskiya mai gamsarwa da amfani.
Dole ne na'urorin saka jiki su kasance marasa damuwa, masu daɗi, kuma su ba da ƙima ba tare da cika hankali ba. Ƙa'idodin sun haɗa da hulɗa kaɗan, amsa ta haptic don sanarwar hankali, da ƙirar daidaitawa waɗanda ke koyon abubuwan da mai amfani ya fi so.
Tarin bayanan halittu na ci gaba yana haifar da manyan haɗari na sirri. Ƙirar ɗa'a ta buƙaci ɓoyayyen bayanai daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe, ikon mai amfani akan raba bayanai, da manufofin bayanai masu bayyanawa. Bugu da ƙari, dole ne a horar da samfuran AI akan tarin bayanai daban-daban don guje wa son kai a cikin binciken lafiya ko gane aiki.
Na'urorin saka jiki suna ba da damar kulawa ta ci gaba na yanayi na yau da kullun (ciwon sukari, hawan jini), murmurewa bayan tiyata, da ganowa da wuri na abubuwan da suka shafi zuciya. Suna ƙarfafa marasa lafiya kuma suna rage komawa asibiti.
A cikin masana'antu da kayan aiki, tabarau masu hikima na AR na iya ba da umarni mara hannu, taimakon ƙwararre daga nesa, da sarrafa kaya, suna rage kurakurai da lokacin horo.
Bayan bin diddigin motsa jiki, na'urorin saka jiki suna haɓaka zuwa masu horar da lafiya gaba ɗaya, suna bin diddigin damuwa (ta hanyar bambancin bugun zuciya), ingancin barci, da ba da umarnin hankali.
Nan gaba ya dogara ne akan ƙirƙira mai dorewa. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙirar sassa-sassa don gyara da haɓakawa cikin sauƙi, amfani da kayan da za su iya lalacewa ko sake yin amfani da su, da tattara makamashi (misali, daga zafin jiki ko motsi). Dole ne samfurin tattalin arzikin madauwari ya kasance a tsakiyar sarrafa rayuwar samfur.
Hanya gama gari don haɗa bayanan na'urar ƙara gudu da gyroscope don kimanta yanayin shine Matatar Haɗin Kai, wacce ke haɗa bayanan mitar girma daga gyroscopes da bayanan mitar ƙasa daga na'urori masu ƙara gudu:
$\theta_{estimated} = \alpha \cdot (\theta_{gyro} + \omega \cdot \Delta t) + (1 - \alpha) \cdot \theta_{accel}$
Inda $\theta_{estimated}$ shine kusancin kusanta, $\theta_{gyro}$ shine kusancin gyroscope, $\omega$ shine ƙimar kusurwa, $\Delta t$ shine lokacin samfur, $\theta_{accel}$ shine kusancin da aka samo daga na'urar ƙara gudu, kuma $\alpha$ shine ma'auni mai nauyi (yawanci tsakanin 0.95 da 0.98).
Ginshiƙi: Daidaiton Ganowa na Rashin Daidaituwar Bugun Zuciya na Tushen AI vs. Hanyoyin Gargajiya
Wani zanen ginshiƙi na hasashe yana kwatanta daidaiton ganowa. X-axis yana nuna hanyoyi daban-daban: "Binciken ECG na Tushen Ƙa'ida," "Koyon Injina na Gargajiya (SVM)," da "Zurfin Koyon CNN (Shawarar)." Y-axis yana nuna kashi cikin ɗari na daidaito daga 70% zuwa 100%. Ginshiƙin "Zurfin Koyon CNN" zai kasance mafi tsayi, yana kaiwa kusan 98% daidaito, yana fi kyau sosai fiye da hanyar tushen ƙa'ida (~82%) da hanyar SVM (~89%). Wannan yana nuna tasirin canzawa na zurfin koyo akan binciken likitanci na saka jiki, kamar yadda bincike kamar na Ƙungiyar ML ta Stanford ke goyan bayan aikace-aikace iri ɗaya.
Wannan tsari yana kimanta na'urorin saka jiki a kan ginshiƙi biyu: Ƙimar da ake Gani (Amfani, Jin Daɗi) da Ƙoƙarin Haɗin Kai (Jiki, Hankali, Gudanar da Bayanai).
Ra'ayi: Bandin saka jiki don iyayen da ke jiran haihuwa don bin diddigin lafiyar tayin ta hanyar na'urori masu auna abubuwa marasa cutarwa.
Aiwatar da Tsari:
Babban Hankali: Wannan takarda ta gano daidai juyawa daga na'urorin saka jiki zuwa tsarin muhalli na saka jiki a matsayin babban jigo, amma tana raina haɗarin tsarin wannan hangen nesa cikin haɗari. Haɗin kai cikin sauƙi da aka yi alkawari ba inevitability na fasaha ba ne; yana da matsananciyar tarin ka'idoji, APIs, da ƙawancen kasuwanci waɗanda za su iya rushewa ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin sirri, rarrabuwar kasuwa, ko ɓarna ɗaya mai matuƙar tsaro.
Gudanar da Hankali: Tafiyar takardar—daga juyin halitta na tarihi zuwa fasahar ba da dama, zuwa aikace-aikace, zuwa ɗa'a—yana da inganci a ilimi amma yana da butulci a dabarun. Tana ɗaukar ƙalubale kamar sirrin bayanai da son kai na algorithm a matsayin "la'akari" daban-daban da za a haɗa su, maimakon a matsayin ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da za su ƙayyade ko da waɗanne fasahohin ne har ma an ba da izinin turawa su da yawa. Kuskuren hankali shine ɗaukar fasaha tana tafiyar da karɓa, alhali a zahiri, lasisin zamantakewa da amincewar ƙa'ida sune masu kula da ƙofa na gaskiya.
Ƙarfi & Aibobi: Ƙarfinsa shine cikakken hangen nesa, tsakanin fannoni, yana saɓa HCI, kimiyyar kayan, AI, da ɗa'a. Wani babban aibi, duk da haka, shine yadda take ɗaukar AI a matsayin mai ceto guda ɗaya. Ta yi watsi da matsalar "akwatin baƙar fata"—rashin iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa AI na saka jiki ya yi alama ga rashin daidaituwar zuciya—wanda ke zama alhaki na shari'a da likita da ke jiran faruwa. Kwatanta wannan da buƙatun fassara a wasu fannonin AI, kamar yadda ake tafiyar da mai samarwa-mai nuna bambanci a cikin CycleGAN inda tsarin fassarar, yayin da yake da rikitarwa, yana nufin asarar daidaiton zagaye ($L_{cyc}$) mafi bayyananne. AI na saka jiki ba shi da irin waɗannan tsarukan lissafi masu kyau.
Hankali mai Aiki: Ga masu saka hannun jari da masu gini, taswirar hanyar ba kawai game da mafi kyawun na'urori masu auna abubuwa ko tsawon rayuwar baturi ba ne. Yana game da:
1. Ba da fifiko ga "AI mai Bayyanawa" (XAI) tun daga ranar ɗaya. Na'urar saka jiki ta lafiya dole ne ta iya bayyana "dalilin" da ke bayan gargadinta, ta amfani da dabaru kamar taswirar hankali ko samfurori masu sauƙi.
2. Gina don fifikon ƙa'ida, ba kawai saurin kasuwa ba. Dandalin da zai yi nasara zai kasance an ƙirƙira shi a kusa da tsaruka kamar Dokar AI ta EU da jagororin FDA, ba a sake gyara su don su ba.
3. Yin fare akan ƙa'idodin haɗin kai. Nan gaba yana cikin tsarin muhalli na buɗe ido, kamar jagororin ƙira na Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Continua, ba lambunan katanga ba. Ƙimar gaskiya tana cikin ruwan bayanai tsakanin bandin waya mai hikima, EHR na asibitin ku, da tsarin mai inshorar ku.
Takardar taswira ce mai kyau na yankin, amma yaƙin gaskiya za a ci shi ta waɗanda suka ƙware a siyasar bayanai, ilimin halin amincewa, da aikin famfo na haɗin kai.