Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
1. Gabatarwa
Lantarki na Buga da Na Sassauƙa (PFE) suna wakiltar sauyin tsari daga lissafin gargajiya na tushen silicon, suna niyya ga yankunan aikace-aikace a matsanancin bakin teku inda ƙarancin tsada, sassauƙa na injiniya, da dorewa suka fi muhimmanci. Wannan takarda ta sanya PFE a matsayin fasahar da ke ba da damar lissafi a ko'ina a cikin kayayyaki masu saurin motsi, kiwon lafiya na sawa, da na'urorin likita masu zubarwa—wuraren da tsadar silicon, taurinsa, da tasirin muhalli suka hana.
2. Tushen Fasaha na PFE
An gina PFE akan hanyoyin kera na musamman waɗanda suka bambanta sosai da VLSI na al'ada.
2.1 Kera da Kayan Aiki
Manyan fasahohin sun haɗa da tsarin FlexIC na Pragmatic Semiconductor, wanda ke amfani da Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide (IGZO) Thin-Film Transistors (TFTs) akan ƙananan ƙirar ƙira, masu sassauƙa. Hanyoyin bugawa suna ba da damar rarraba, ƙera mai ƙarancin tsada tare da rage amfani da ruwa, amfani da makamashi, da tasirin carbon idan aka kwatanta da masana'antar silicon.
2.2 Halayen Aiki
Aikin PFE ya yi ƙasa da ma'auni na silicon: lantarki na buga suna aiki a cikin kewayon Hz, yayin da lantarki masu sassauƙa (FlexICs) suka kai kewayon kHz. Yawan haɗawa da adadin na'ura suna da iyaka. Duk da haka, waɗannan halaye sun isa don aikace-aikace masu ƙananan ƙimar samfur (Hz kaɗan) da iyakantaccen daidaiton bit, suna ba da damar daidaitawa a wuri da keɓancewa a wurin amfani.
Muhimmin Kwatancen Aiki
Silicon VLSI: Aiki na GHz, girman siffa ~nm, babban yawan haɗawa.
Lantarki Masu Sassauƙa (misali, IGZO TFTs): Aiki na kHz, girman siffa ~μm, matsakaicin yawa.
Lantarki na Buga: Aiki na Hz, girman siffa mai girma, ƙarancin yawa.
3. Injin Koyo (ML) don PFE
Da'irori na ML sune babban abin da ake mayar da hankali ga PFE, suna ba da damar sarrafa hankali kai tsaye akan ko kusa da mai ganowa.
3.1 Sarrafa akan Mai Ganowa da Kusa da Mai Ganowa
Samfurin ML da aka tura akan kayan aikin PFE suna aiwatar da tace bayanai na farko da cire siffofi a tushe, suna rage buƙatar watsa bayanai sosai kuma suna ba da damar amsa cikin gaggawa a cikin yanayi masu ƙarancin albarkatu.
3.2 Da'irori na ML na Analog da na Lambobi
Bincike yana bincika duka aiwatar da da'irori na lambobi da na analog. Lissafin analog, wanda zai iya aiwatar da ayyuka kamar ninkawa da ƙari kai tsaye a cikin yanki na zahiri (misali, ta amfani da Dokar Ohm da Dokar Kirchhoff), yana da kyakkyawar fata musamman ga PFE saboda yuwuwar ƙarancin wutar lantarki da sararin samaniya, ko da yake tare da ciniki na daidaito.
4. Manyan Ƙalubale da Ƙoƙarin Bincike
4.1 Amincewa da Yawan Samuwa
Bambance-bambancen na'ura, tsufa, da matsin lamba na injiniya (lanƙwasa, miƙewa) suna haifar da manyan ƙalubale na amincin. Bincike yana mai da hankali kan ƙira mai jurewa kuskure, maimaitawa, da sabbin hanyoyin gwaji da aka keɓance don ƙirar ƙira masu sassauƙa.
4.2 Ƙwaƙwalwar Ajiya da Yawan Haɗawa
Ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai inganci ita ce babban cikas. Ƙarancin yawan PFE ya sa manyan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a kan guntu ba su dace ba. Maganganun sun haɗa da sabbin abubuwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya marasa canzawa waɗanda suka dace da hanyoyin bugawa da tsarin lissafi kusa da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
4.3 Inganta Tsarin Mataki-matsayi
Ƙetare iyakokin PFE yana buƙatar haɗin gwiwa a cikin tarin: daga ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na na'ura da ƙirar da'ira zuwa haɓakar algorithm na ML da taswirar aikace-aikace. Dabarun sun haɗa da haɗin gwiwar algorithm-hardware, lissafi na kusan, da amfani da yanayin ƙididdiga na ML don jurewar rashin ingancin kayan aikin.
5. Bincike na Fasaha da Tsari
5.1 Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha da Tsarin Lissafi
Ana iya ƙirar aikin TFT a cikin da'ira mai sassauƙa ta hanyar daidaitattun ma'auni na ƙarar lantarki, amma tare da sigogi waɗanda suka bambanta da matsin lamba na injiniya ($\epsilon$). Misali, ƙarar lantarki mai kofa ($V_{th}$) na iya canzawa:
$V_{th}(\epsilon) = V_{th0} + \gamma \cdot \epsilon$
inda $V_{th0}$ shine ƙarar lantarki mai kofa mara matsi kuma $\gamma$ shine ma'auni na piezo. Dole ne a yi la'akari da wannan bambance-bambance a cikin ƙirar da'ira. Bugu da ƙari, ingantaccen makamashi na mai ninkawa na ML na analog, babban aiki, ana iya bayyana shi azaman makamashi a kowane aikin ninkawa-tara (MAC), wanda don giciye mai tsayayya mai sauƙi da ke aiwatar da ninkawa na vector-matrix yayi daidai da gudanar da abubuwan da aka buga: $E_{MAC} \propto G^{-1}$.
5.2 Sakamakon Gwaji da Bayanin Ginshiƙi
Yayin da guntun PDF da aka bayar bai ƙunshi takamaiman ginshiƙokin gwaji ba, bincike na yau da kullun a wannan fanni yana gabatar da sakamako kamar:
- Hoto A: Aikin Da'ira vs. Radius na Lanƙwasa: Ginshiƙi mai layi wanda ke nuna lalacewar mitar oscillator ko ribar amplifier na FlexIC yayin da radius na lanƙwasa ya ragu daga lebur (marar iyaka) zuwa 5mm. Ana yawan ganin faɗuwa mai tsanani a ƙasa da radius mai mahimmanci (misali, 10mm).
- Hoto B: Daidaiton Rarrabuwa vs. Daidaiton Kayan Aiki: Ginshiƙi mai kwance wanda ke kwatanta daidaiton buga CNN akan daidaitaccen bayanan (kamar MNIST ko bayanan mai ganowa na al'ada) lokacin amfani da madaidaicin nauyi/aiwatarwa daban-daban (misali, 8-bit, 4-bit, 2-bit). Yana nuna lalacewar samfurin ML tare da rage daidaito, babban mai ba da damar PFE.
- Hoto C: Kwatancen Sawun Carbon: Ginshiƙi mai kwance wanda ke kwatanta hayakin CO2 daidai da rayuwar silicon IC da FlexIC don alamar mai ganowa mai sauƙi, yana nuna raguwar ƙira da hayakin lokacin amfani ga PFE.
5.3 Tsarin Bincike: Nazarin Lamari
Lamari: Ƙirar Mai Ganowa na Danshi na Kayan Kwalliya Mai Hankali tare da Gano Matsala a Kan Jirgin.
- Ma'anar Matsala: Gano lalacewa a cikin kayan abinci ta hanyar gano ƙirar danshi mara kyau. Dole ne farashi ya zama <$0.10 a kowace raka'a, kuma na'urar dole ta zama mai sassauƙa kuma mai zubarwa.
- Taswirar Ƙuntatawa na Kayan Aiki:
- Lissafi: Yi amfani da gaban analog da aka buga don ganowa danshi da kuma da'ira mai sassauƙa mai sauƙi, mai ban sha'awa ta lambobi (kewayon kHz) da ke aiwatar da mai rarraba bishiyar yanke shawara na 4-bit.
- Ƙwaƙwalwar Ajiya: Ajiye sigogin bishiyar yanke shawara mai kumburi 10 a cikin ƙaramin tsari na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mara canzawa da aka buga.
- Fitowa: Pixel mai nuni na electrochromic mai sauƙi yana canza launi bayan gano matsala.
- Inganta Tsarin Mataki-matsayi:
- An zaɓi algorithm ɗin bishiyar yanke shawara saboda ƙarancin rikitarwar lissafi da dacewa don kayan aiki masu ƙarancin daidaito.
- An horar da mai rarrabawa don zama mai ƙarfi ga bambance-bambancen da ake tsammani daga na'ura zuwa na'ura (ana kwaikwayi ta hanyar ƙara hayaniyar Gaussian zuwa ma'auni yayin horo).
- An ƙera shimfidar da'ira don rage yawan damuwa yayin lanƙwasa.
- Ƙima: Ana auna aikin tsarin ta hanyar daidaiton gano, amfani da wutar lantarki a kowane fassara, da yawan samuwa bayan gwajin lanƙwasa na al'ada.
6. Aikace-aikace da Alkiblar Gaba
- Mahimman Abubuwan Kiwon Lafiyar Halitta: Masu shiga tsakani na jijiya na zamani waɗanda suka dace da nama na kwakwalwa, masu sa ido kan lafiya masu narkewa gaba ɗaya, da tsadar tsada, masu yadawa don lafiyar duniya.
- IoT Mai Dorewa: "Hankali mai zubarwa" don dabaru (alamun wayo waɗanda ke lissafin sawun carbon nasu), facin mai ganowa na noma, da masu sa ido kan muhalli da aka haɗa da gini.
- Haɗin Mutum-Kwamfuta: Fatun lantarki (e-fata) tare da ganowa da sarrafawa don injinan mutum-mutumi, na'urori na gani, da masu shiga tsakani na taɓa ƙarawa.
- Hanyoyin Bincike: Haɓaka masu sarrafa lantarki masu motsi mai yawa da za a iya bugawa, dabarun haɗawa 3D don ƙirar ƙira masu sassauƙa, daidaitawar kayan aikin ƙira da PDKs don PFE, da bincika tsarin lissafi na neuromorphic waɗanda ke jurewa bambance-bambancen na'ura a asali.
7. Nassoshi
- Pragmatic Semiconductor. (2023). Rahoton Dorewa. Pragmatic Semiconductor Ltd.
- Zervakis, G., da sauransu. (2023). Lissafi a cikin Ƙwaƙwalwar Ajiya tare da Transistors da aka Buga. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems.
- Khan, Y., da sauransu. (2020). Lantarki na Hybrid Masu Sassauƙa: Bita. Advanced Materials, 32(15), 1905279.
- Hanyar Kasa da Kasa don Na'urori da Tsarin (IRDS). (2022). IEEE. (Don kwatanta ma'aunin fasahar silicon).
- Zhu, J., da sauransu. (2017). CycleGAN: Fassarar Hotuna zuwa Hotuna mara Haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da Cibiyoyin Adawa masu Daidaitaccen Zagaye. IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). (An ambata a matsayin misalin samfurin ML wanda za'a iya sauƙaƙa zane na lissafi kuma a taswireshi zuwa kayan aikin PFE na analog don canza salo a cikin masu ganowa masu ƙarancin wutar lantarki).
- Cibiyoyin Bincike: IMEC (Belgium) akan lantarki na hybrid masu sassauƙa, Ƙungiyar Stanford University Bao akan polymers masu miƙewa, PARC (Cibiyar Bincike ta Palo Alto) akan lantarki da aka buga.
8. Bincike na Asali: Fahimta ta Tsakiya, Tsarin Ma'ana, Ƙarfafawa & Kurakurai, Fahimta Mai Aiki
Fahimta ta Tsakiya: Takardar ba game da sabon nau'in guntu ba ce kawai; yana da gaske kan wani tsarin tattalin arziki da na zahiri daban don lissafi. Yayin da masana'antar silicon ke bin angstroms da gigahertz don cibiyoyin bayanai, PFE tana tambaya: me zai faru idan lissafi ya yi ƙasa da tsadar kayan da aka buga kuma zai iya lanƙwasa kamar takarda? Wannan ba wasan aiki ba ne; wasan ƙirƙira kasuwa ne, yana niyya ga gaba na mai ganowa tiriliyan inda farashi da siffar siffa suke manyan ƙuntatawa, ba FLOPS ba. Juya zuwa masu haɓaka ML yana da hankali—yana amfani da jurewar kuskuren ƙididdiga na hanyoyin sadarwar jijiya don rufe rashin amincin da ke tattare da transistors da aka buga, wata dabara mai wayo mai kama da yadda ƙirar silicon na farko ta yi amfani da maimaitawa don magance lahani.
Tsarin Ma'ana: Hujja tana da ban sha'awa: 1) Silicon ya bugi bangon farashi da taurin kai don aikace-aikace masu matsanancin bakin teku. 2) PFE yana ba da madadin asali mai araha, mai dorewa, da kuma dacewa ta zahiri. 3) Duk da haka, PFE yana da sauri da rashin aminci ta ma'aunin silicon. 4) Saboda haka, sararin aikace-aikace kawai da zai yiwu shine ayyuka masu sauƙi, masu ƙarancin mitar—wanda ya yi daidai da buƙatun sarrafa bayanan mai ganowa na asali da tinyML. 5) Don haka, dole ne al'ummar bincike su shiga cikin haɗin gwiwar mataki-matsayi don matse tsarin aiki daga wannan ƙirar ƙira mai iyaka. Labari ne na al'ada na "Rungumi Ƙuntatawarka" na ƙirƙira.
Ƙarfafawa & Kurakurai: Ƙarfin takardar shine kimantawa mai haske na iyakokin PFE, yana tsara su ba a matsayin ƙarshen matattu ba amma a matsayin ƙuntatawa na ƙira. Ya gano daidai inganta mataki-matsayi a matsayin hanya ɗaya ta gaba, ya wuce kawai ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na na'ura. Duk da haka, binciken yana da ɗan jin daɗi game da babban ƙalubalen software da kayan aiki. Ƙira don PFE ba matsala ta kayan aiki ba ce kawai; yana buƙatar sake tunani gaba ɗaya na tarin ƙira, daga algorithms zuwa kayan aikin EDA. Ina "TensorFlow Lite don Nets da aka Buga"? Kwatancen da juyin halittar silicon shima bai cika ba. Nasarar silicon an gina ta akan daidaitawa da ma'auni mai tsinkaya (Dokar Moore). PFE ba shi da ƙa'idar jagora daidai; ci gabansa ya fi kama da ilimin kimiyyar kayan aiki, wanda ke ci gaba da ɓarna. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da ake ɗaukaka dorewa, cikakken binciken rayuwa na sabbin kayan aiki (kamar IGZO) da yuwuwar sake amfani da su a ƙarshen rayuwa wani muhimmin sashe ne da ya ɓace.
Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu saka hannun jari, damar ba ta cikin gasa da silicon ba, amma a ba da damar kasuwannin da silicon ba zai iya taɓawa ba. Mayar da hankali kan kamfanoni kamar Pragmatic waɗanda ke gina kayan aikin gini na FlexIC. Ga masu bincike, 'ya'yan itace masu ƙanƙanta suna cikin haɗin gwiwar algorithm-hardware. Kar ku kawai tura CNN; ƙirƙiri sabbin samfuran ML waɗanda aka yi wahayi ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na da'irori na analog da aka buga, kamar yadda lissafin neuromorphic ke samun wahayi daga ilimin halitta. Yi haɗin gwiwa tare da masana kimiyyar kayan aiki—ci gaba na gaba na iya zama mai sarrafa lantarki da za a iya bugawa tare da motsi mafi kyau na ma'auni. Ga manajoji samfur, fara ƙirar samfuri yanzu tare da iyakokin iyawar PFE na yau don injunan jihohi masu sauƙi ko masu rarrabawa na binary a cikin dabaru ko marufi. Yi amfani da waɗannan don gina fahimtar kasuwa yayin da fasahar ta girma. Gasar ba ta don sanya PFE ta yi sauri ba; shine gano da mamaye aikace-aikacen inda lissafi "mai kyau", a cikin ɗan ƙaramin farashi da tasirin muhalli, ya zama fa'ida mai juyi.